Recent advances have transformed neuroscience research. For example, several investigators study the genetic, anatomical, physiological, and immunological bases of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, environmental, and traumatic disorders. Furthermore, the recent realization that activity-dependent plasticity occurs continually throughout the CNS and throughout life, and that new technology can support complex real-time adaptive interactions with the CNS to induce and guide this plasticity, enables others to develop powerful new research tools and therapeutic methods that can restore useful function to people disabled by injury or disease.