To the right, specific information for submitters is provided including acceptable specimen types, minimum sample volume, packaging and shipping information and a description of the testing performed.

Below please find general information about the viruses tested including a description of the disease, transmission, whether or not a vaccine is available and geographic and seasonal distribution.

VIRUSES

Disease
Upper respiratory tract disease with fever, nasal congestion, and sore throat with cough. Some serotypes can cause gastroenteritis with diarrhea, vomiting and fever, while others can cause conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis.
Transmission
Via the fecal-oral route through droplets or contact with objects contaminated with virus
Vaccination
No widespread use; a vaccine against some types has been given to military personnel in other countries
Age Association
All ages, often young children
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool, rectal swabs, urine, eye swabs, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; neutralization for serotyping
Molecular
Real-time and conventional PCR; Genmark RVP (Subgroups B & C, and E)
Disease
Fever or more severe disease, including infection of the brain (encephalitis) or the lining around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Transmission
Usually spread through the bite of an infected mosquito
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Has been found in mosquitoes in many places in North America and in parts of Central America with only human cases reported in North Carolina, Missouri, Wisconsin, and New York
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
CSF and serum
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Disease
Generally asymptomatic, but after an incubation period of 3–7 days a febrile illness may develop, and central nervous system involvement may lead to encephalitis or meningoencephalitis
Transmission
Mosquitos
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Northern United States and Canada
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
CSF and serum
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Antibodies
IgG IFA
Disease
Most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash.
Transmission
From the bite of infected mosquito.
Vaccination
For individuals 18 years of age and older who are at increased risk of exposure to chikungunya virus.
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Americas on islands in the Caribbean and countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Serum and CSF
Molecular
real time-PCR
Antibodies
IgG and IgM ELISA
Disease
Mild upper respiratory disease or flu-like illness with fever and muscle aches; rash illness (hand, foot and mouth disease); encephalitis; herpangina (Coxsackie A); pleurodynia (Coxsackie B)
Transmission
Via the fecal-oral route and during the acute stage by the respiratory route
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
All ages, often young children
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool, rectal swabs, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; immunofluroescence assay for typing
Molecular
Real-time and conventional RT-PCR
Disease
Often asymptomatic; mild mononucleosis-like illness with fever and malaise; multiple organ disease (immunosuppressed patients); retinitis and polyradiculomyelopathy (AIDS patients); cytomegalic inclusion disease (fetus or transplanted tissues and organs); encephalitis. Infection results in latency. Periodic reactivation with disease is usually only seen in immunosuppressed patients.
Transmission
Close physical contact, infected semen, blood transfusions. Maternal-fetal (from a reactivation or primary infection) and perinatal via cervical secretions or milk
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
All age groups, but most often infants and young children
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, blood, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture
Molecular
Real time and conventional PCR
Disease
Symptoms can be mild or severe. Symptoms of dengue can be confused with other illnesses that cause fever, aches and pains, or a rash. There are 4 serotypes and after the first dengue infection subsequent infections can lead to more severe illness.
Transmission
Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus).
Vaccination
Available in some countries for people aged 9 to 45 years. Recommended only for persons with confirmed previous dengue virus infection.
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Caribbean (including Puerto Rico), Central and South America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. In US local outbreaks have occurred in Texas, Florida, and Hawaii.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Serum or Plasma
Molecular
real-time RT-PCR with typing available
Antibodies
Flavivirus IgG-IgM-IgA Microsphere Immunofluorescence Assay - Serological testing may be more sensitive depending on timing of specimen collection.
Disease
Extremely rare but serious and often fatal infection that causes encephalitis or inflammation of the brain. Some cases may be asymptomatic.
Transmission
Maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and avian hosts in freshwater hardwood swamps.
Vaccination
Equine vaccination available only
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Eastern and Gulf Coast states in U.S.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Preferred Specimens
CSF and serum
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Antibodies
IgG IFA
Disease
Mild upper respiratory disease or flu-like illness with fever and muscle aches; rash illness (hand, foot and mouth disease); fever and muscle aches, followed by paralysis (polio virus); herpangina (Coxsackie A); pleurolynia (Coxsackie B) and encephalitis
Transmission
Via the fecal-oral route, oral-oral route, respiratory route, and fomite
Vaccination
Vaccine is available only for poliovirus
Age Association
All ages, often young children
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swabs, stool, rectal swabs, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; immunofluorescence assay for subtyping
Molecular
Real-time and conventional RT-PCR
Disease
Also known as human herpesvirus 4, is a member of the herpes virus family. EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, also called mono, and other illnesses.
Transmission
EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, especially saliva. However, EBV can also spread through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations.
Vaccination
There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection.
Age Association
All ages, often young children show no signs of symptoms. Symptoms are more prominent in teenagers and adults.
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
CSF
Molecular
real time PCR - Please note that a positive real-time PCR result for EBV may indicate a latent or a current infection if there are lymphocytes present in the CSF.
Disease
The Virology Laboratory no longer offers testing for Hantavirus. Please contact Diagnostic Immunology for information on forwarding specimens to the CDC.
Disease
Patients infected with Heartland virus experience fever, fatigue (feeling tired), decreased appetite, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and muscle or joint pain.
Transmission
Spread through the bite of an infected tick.
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Midwestern and Southern U.S.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
CSF serum and whole blood
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Disease
Vesicular disease characterized by lesions in or around the mouth or genital region; fever and malaise; encephalitis. Infection results in latency with periodic reactivation.
Transmission
Oral herpes is contracted by direct physical contact. Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease.
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
Oral herpes: all ages; genital herpes: beginning at age of sexual activity
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Vesicle/lesion swab, genital swab, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; immunofluorescence for confirmation and typing
Molecular
Real time PCR
Disease
Set of two closely related herpes viruses known as HHV-6A and HHV-6B. HHV-6B infects nearly 100% of human beings, typically before the age of three and often results in fever, diarrhea, sometimes with a rash known as roseola. In rare cases encephalitis occurs. Little is known about the prevalence of HHV-6A. Infection results in latency with periodic reactivation.
Transmission
Human herpes virus 6 is spread from person to person via secretions from the respiratory tract.
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Usually occurs in infants or children with rare cases in immunocompetent adults.
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
CSF
Molecular
real time PCR
Disease
Acute upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection with fever and cough. More severe in infants and young children, most likely presenting as bronchiolitis or pneumonia. May cause secondary bacterial infection and is difficult to distinguish from RSV and other respiratory viral infections in children.
Transmission
Via the respiratory route by aerosols
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
Infants and young children are most commonly affected. In adults presents as influenza-like illness or pneumonia.
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab; bronchial wash
Molecular
Real-time RT-PCR; Genmark RVP
Disease
Lower respiratory disease characterized by sudden onset of fever and malaise; possible secondary bacterial infections and encephalitis
Transmission
Via aerosols
Vaccination
Vaccine should be administered yearly. Inactivated influenza vaccine is administered by injection to those over 6 months old. Live attenuated virus is administered by nasal spray to healthy individuals 5 - 49 years old.
Age Association
All ages
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab, bronchial wash, and CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; hemadsorbtion assay. Serology is performed by the Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory.
Molecular
Real-time RT-PCR; conventional RT-PCR for subtyping; Genmark RVP; sequencing for strain analysis (selected samples only)
Disease
Highly contagious upper respiratory disease characterized by a maculopapular rash, fever, cough, or conjunctivitis; encephalitis
Transmission
Respiratory secretions by direct contact, droplets, or airborne aerosols
Vaccination
Available
Age Association
Children
Geographic Distribution
•World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab, bronchial wash, or nasal swab, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; hemadsorbtion assay; immunofluorescence assay
Molecular
Real-time and conventional RT-PCR
Disease
Acute and painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands with slight/moderate fever. Most common complications include meningitis and orchitis
Transmission
Inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
Usually given to children at 15-24 months
Age Association
Most common in unvaccinated children 5-7 years of age. Usually asymptomatic in infants and very young children.
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Throat swab near areas around Stensen's ducts, urine, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture; hemadsorbtion assay; immunofluorescence for confirmation
Molecular
Real-time and conventional RT-PCR
Disease
Acute respiratory tract disease with slight fever, malaise, cough, and hoarseness. Most common cause of croup. May cause bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
Transmission
Close contact with infected person or inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
None to date
Age Association
Children under 5 years- lower respiratory tract infection. Causes upper respiratory tract infection in infants, children and adults.
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab; bronchial wash
Culture
Conventional tube culture; hemadsorbtion assay; immunofluorescence for detection and typing
Molecular
Genmark RVP (Para 1,2,3)
Disease
Erythema infectiosum (EI), or fifth disease that typically appears as a mild rash illness with possible low fever, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. Rash characteristic of "slapped cheek" appearance with lace-like eruption on trunk and extremities. Can cause non-immune hydrops fetalis and spontaneous abortion.
Transmission
Inhalation of virus-containing aerosols. Maternal-fetal infection can occur.
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
Primarily school children aged 5-13 years
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, with epidemics occurring every 3-5 years.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Serum (acute or convalescent)
Culture
0
Molecular
Real time and conventional PCR
Disease
Can cause symptoms ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to life threatening encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Transmission
Spread through the bite of an infected tick.
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Northeastern states and the Great Lakes region in U.S. and parts of Canada, and Russia
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
CSF and serum
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Antibodies
IgM ELISA
Disease
Acute respiratory tract infection with fever, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Usually presents in infants and young children as either bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
Transmission
Contact with infectious material or inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
Adults aged 60 years and older, infants and pregnant people by CDC guidelines
Age Association
Infants and young children (lower respiratory tract infection); older children and adults (upper respiratory tract infection caused by reinfection)
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, with epidemics occurring every 3-5 years.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab; bronchial wash
Culture
Conventional tube culture. Antigen detection: EIA for direct antigen detection
Molecular
Real-time RT-PCR; Genmark RVP
Disease
Most frequent cause of the common cold, with symptoms of low-grade fever, headache, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, and cough. Secondary bacterial infections can occur.
Transmission
Close contact with infected person or inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
None
Age Association
All age groups
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; throat swab; nasal swab
Culture
Conventional tube culture (by request)
Molecular
Real-time RT-PCR; Genmark RVP
Disease
Acute gastroenteritis with high-grade fever, diarrhea, and vomiting
Transmission
Via the fecal-oral route
Vaccination
Available – FDA approved since 2006
Age Association
Young children, usually between the ages of 6 months and 3 years
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Stool without additives or preservatives
Culture
None
Molecular
Real time RT-PCR
Disease
Mild disease presenting with rash, fever, joint pain, and swollen lymph nodes. Congenital infection may result in spontaneous abortion or severe malformation.
Transmission
Inhalation of virus-containing aerosols. Maternal-fetal infection can occur.
Vaccination
Available
Age Association
Young children, usually between the ages of 6 months and 3 years
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Preferred Specimens
Urine; throat swab; nasopharyngeal swab, wash, or aspirate; oropharyngeal swab or bronchial wash. Blood or stool is also acceptable.
Culture
None
Molecular
Real time RT-PCR
Disease
COVID-19
Transmission
The virus spreads mainly from person to person through respiratory droplets and small particles produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
Vaccination
Available
Age Association
All ages
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab
Molecular
Real time RT-PCR
Disease
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) characterized by high fever, headache, and body aches; atypical pneumonia; severe respiratory disease that is often fatal
Transmission
Close contact with an infected person, direct contact with infectious material, or inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
None available at this time
Age Association
All ages
Geographic Distribution
Currently, there is no known SARS transmission anywhere in the world
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab, bronchial wash
Culture
None
Molecular
Real time RT-PCR
Disease
Extremely rare but serious and often fatal infection that causes encephalitis or inflammation of the brain.
Transmission
Maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and birds.
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Most cases have occurred in Eastern and Central U.S. with sporadic cases in Southwest
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Preferred Specimens
CSF and serum
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Antibodies
IgG IFA
Disease
Chickenpox (Varicella): Primary infection-highly contagious systemic infection presenting with fever and an itchy, generalized vesicular rash. Secondary staphylococcal and streptococcal skin infections can occur. Shingles (Zoster): Reactivation of latent VZV- painful vesicular rash, usually limited to one dermatome, most common on the thorax, neck, and face. Post-herpetic neuralgia. Encephalitis can also occur.
Transmission
Varicella: Direct contact with skin lesions, inhalation of virus-containing aerosols
Vaccination
Available
Age Association
Varicella: primarily young children. Zoster: older or immunocompromised adults
Geographic Distribution
World wide
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Preferred Specimens
Vesicular or lesion swab, CSF
Culture
Conventional tube culture with immunofluorescence for confirmation
Molecular
Real time PCR and conventional RT-PCR
Disease
WNV may cause a mild illness but may also cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord).
Transmission
Usually spread through the bite of an infected mosquito, spread by blood transfusion in rare cases. Can also be spread from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breast-feeding in a small number of cases.
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia.
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
CSF, serum, urine and whole blood
Molecular
real time-PCR
Antibodies
IgM ELISA serological testing maybe more sensitive depending on timing of specimen collection
Disease
Fever, chills, headache, backache, and muscle aches. In rare cases people develop serious illness that can lead to bleeding, shock, organ failure, and sometimes death.
Transmission
From the bite of infected mosquito.
Vaccination
Recommended for people who are 9 months old or older and who are traveling to or living in areas at risk for yellow fever virus in Africa and South America.
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South America
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Serum whole blood and urine
Molecular
real time RT-PCR
Disease
For most people it is a mild infection with few or no symptoms. However, it has been linked to health problems in some people. It is a serious concern for pregnant women, their partners and couples planning a pregnancy because it can cause serious birth defects. Zika is not spread from person to person by casual contact.
Transmission
From the bite of infected mosquito
Vaccination
Not available currently
Age Association
Any age ranges
Geographic Distribution
Americas, resulting in an increase in travel-associated cases in U.S., widespread transmission in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, and limited local transmission in Florida and Texas
Seasonal Distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Preferred Specimens
Serum whole blood and urine
Molecular
real time-PCR
Antibodies
IgM Lateral Flow